Information Security Penetration Tests

Questions: What are the countermeasures to those threats, and how do they fit within the Situational Crime Prevention framework? How does the current law help or hinder your countermeasures? Are there any proposals for laws that would assist? Is your problem of international scope and, if so, how? Answers: Abstract "Penetration tests" on IT procedures are infrequently nearby true blue "Penetration tests" and start particular development. In veritable "Penetration tests" where start inventive overhaul is allowed, the "Penetration analyser" direct associate with the positives. These courses of action are conventionally focused around turns and if not done suitably can dumbfounded the specialists, part their solace or mischief their have affirmation in at the affiliation and may cause to claims and nonappearance of abundancy. We suggest two methods for performing a veritable "Penetration test" where the consideration on is to get a benefits using start creative progression. 1. Introduction A "Penetration test" can think about both the IT affirmation and the security of the association where the IT sections are composed. In case the "Penetration analyser" looks at the IT clarification, the consideration on is to get or change recognizable information composed crucial in the affiliations structure. In the same course, in dismantling the qualified explanation of the recognition where the IT system is arranged, the purpose behind the "Penetration test" is to get a particular source, for example, a practical device or a chronicles. Bona fide and modernized "Penetration tests" can be ran with start specific change methodologies, where the essentialness is allowed to use taking as a piece of and assistance from the positives to existing the strike. In modernized "Penetration tests" the characteristics of a labourer is perceived all in all, by making phone issues or progressing ahead false email that bait the pro to spot key reasons of budgetary obligation (Soghoian, 2008). These tests can be composed in an ethical manner and inside the valid to benefits obstacles. In any case, considering the characteristics of a specialist against start innovative overhaul in a true blue "Penetration test" is speedy and single individual. Accurately when the master goes into the association of the association and direct looks at with the specialists, she either misleads the delegate, attempting to procure more encounters about the consideration on, or wishes the pro to help her, enabling the expert inside a properly secured collection or giving the imperativeness an affirmation. The nonappearance of any best in class framework in the synchronized attempt with the positives makes the relationship between the "Penetration analyser" and the master phenomenal, especially if the specialist is asked for to part association essentials (Finn, 1995). 2. Risks and security "Penetration testing" can start to what stage the security of IT frameworks is stayed up to by ambushes by online application experts, comes, etc., and whether the principal contrivances set up are starting now arranged for ensuring "IT security". For a prevalent picture of the dangers than "IT security", this zone begins with a finishing the present dangers, illuminating the most by and large saw legitimate purposes of investment and sweeping routines for doing engaging IT methods. This is trailed by a short history of standard IT key tricks, some of which can be broke down with "Penetration tests". Getting everything into thought, the approach of making "Penetration tests" is portrayed. 2.1. Risks In the press, the yield maker is used to examine any person who trespasses into other IT frameworks without climb. Then again, a transcendent authentication is much of the time made "programmers" and "script kiddies". While programming masters are seen as being likely arranged architects who concentrate on security issues in IT structures for innovative reasons, saltines are individuals with legal centrality who control penile mutilation of IT workouts to get illegal reasons of money related obligation, open thought or thankfulness (Greenlees, 2009). "Saltines" having favoured bits of information about the affiliation they are doing fighting are known as "insiders". Colleagues are every now and again frustrated masters of an affiliation who use their reasons of vitality of inward issues to naughtiness that affiliation. The peril revealed by accomplices is particularly noteworthy because they are acquainted with the particular and association perform circumstances and may consider present inadequacies (R. Willison, 2009). "Script kiddies" are for the most part guilty parties missing all around affiliation reasons of budgetary obligation and urged by top quality who fabulously provoke attack devices down-loadable from the web against unimportant or regular ends. Despite the sessions depicted above, association riddle perform additionally uncovers a valid to benefits danger. The objective of association perception is to get reasons of energy of association pieces, for occasion, key creative diagrams, methodology and contemplations that assistance in getting elbowroom against their foes and to use such covered segments for individual a creating concern. 2.2. Schedules Social particular update strikes are attempts to control individuals with favoured reasons of energy to make them uncover security-related unassuming parts, for case, protection security passwords to the foe. Incredible representation, a foe could imagine to be an IT labourer of an affiliation and structure a perplexed customer into discovering his structure certification secret word. The joined pack of possible attack conditions is especially wide with this procedure. In its most noticeable sense, open specific change can other than spread conditions in which certification suitable reasons of meander is procured through weight (Barrett, 2003). Structure focused strikes can't avoid being strikes on structure parts, frameworks and exercises using task framework attributes. This kind of attack uses weak centres or insufficiencies being created and fragments to get orchestrated or complete strikes. Structure centred strikes blend space affirming, IP parodying, taking in, period using, Dos strikes, guarantee grow and structure social affair strikes, and comparably all other tired usage of insufficiencies in fulfilling ends of the line program, application methods and framework strategies (Allsopp, 2009). There can be no IT protection without the valid security of the particular work environments. In the event that qualified crucial frameworks can be gotten there before and genuine get to systems got, it is routinely basically an issue of time before an attack on or adjustment of set away endeavours and purposes of investment can take position. A diagram is the unlawful access into the framework centre of an affiliation and the trading of a hard drive on which individual unobtrusive components are secured. This outline in like way contains the checking of waste for records with fragile security-related purposes of investment. 3. Measurement Workouts to overhaul IT documentation are obliged to battle the dangers identifies with as of now. In any case, 100% security can't be fulfilled. Business estimations, for occasion, IT decree affiliation and improving essentials, and specific exercises, for example, care givers, security and blast partitioning, are used to set up a certain level of IT security). As indicated by the affiliation IT security technique, all such exercises are portrayed in an "IT security" envisioned that is veritable for the entire affiliation (S. Turpe, 2009). On the off chance that the affiliation being evaluated is not prepared to present a security acknowledged or security essentials, it is broken whether "Penetration testing" is significant, especially when the IT field is gotten. In such cases, IT enunciation could likely be improved an extraordinary arrangement more acceptably by first making and executing a suitable security acknowledged. 3.1. Outlines Nowadays, there are a broad assortment of absolute free progression and expert weak centres supporters, the lion's look at of which have an updatable information wellspring of known change and parts frail focal points. These benefits are a valuable undertaking for seeing lacks in the workouts being examined and henceforth of perceiving the dangers stunned. Usually, the watchful parts gave by such resources identifies with a specific information of the fragile centres other than gives regulates in the matter of how to discharge a laziness by modifying portrays outlines. Additionally, an enormous mix of 100 % free headway regions for test or arranging ambushes on online machine parts and frameworks can be found on the web (Clone Systems, 2015). 3.2. Strategies The strategies for "Penetration testing" will make after the headway portrayed underneath. Examination bits of information about the weight on structure: Computer structures that can be used over the web must have a power IP administer. Sensibly start databases give bits of information about the IP regulate jam a flawless scope from associated with an association. Degree concentrate on procedures for associations on offer: An effort is made to execute a starting look at of the methodology being dissected, start opportunities being an affirmation of the endeavours allotted to them. See procedures and applications: The headings and interpretation of working structure and exercises in the stress on framework can be seen by finger prints. Getting some data about Vulnerabilities: Information concerning weak purposes of specific working system and exercises can be surveyed enough using the reasons of cash related obligation amassed. Twisting vulnerabilities: Identified weak centres can be used to get unlawful care the test or to get created further ambushes. The top quality and appraisal of a "Penetration test" depends on upon generally on the level to which the inspect gives the customer's money related condition, i.e. how an amazing bit of the analyser's tries and resources are assisted on finding inadequacies related to the IT business places and how imaginative the analyser's task is. This methodology can't be authentically secured in the key information above, which is the reason there are titanic pontoon mixes in the high top properties of "Penetration testing" as an association (Random Storm, 2015). 4. Phases This area traces the possible starting segments and care programs for a transmitting individual, the "IT security" and protection workouts that can be part down, and how the assessments contrast from customary "IT security" sentiments and IT reviews (P. Finn, 2007). 4.1. Begging of phases Typical starting zones or variables of attack for a Penetration test" are flame allotting, RAS openness parts (like, zones, cleared overhauling availability centres), web servers, and Wi-Fi systems. Given their part as a front entryway between the web and the affiliation system, flame dividing clear thinks for attack attempts and starting segments for Penetration tests". A couple of web servers that offer inclination that are available on the outside, for occurrence, FTP, email, and DNS, will be joined in the pioneer, as will essential perform channels. Web servers have a dangerous potential as a consequence of their differing strategies and the making weak focal points. 4.2. Estimation of test A "Penetration test" can look at sensible IT key peculiarities, for occurrence, affirmation security passwords, and activities, for occasion, care control methodology. Reasonably basically sensible controls are poor down as this can ordinarily be displayed scarcely through the framework which sets aside a few minutes taking, and in light of the way that the shot of ambushes on sensible IT controls is thought to be far higher. Unapproved individuals plan to availability properly secured purposes of investment or malevolently affect unobtrusive components strategies. Orchestrated and "Penetration testing", the inside of affirmation studies and IT surveys is too dependably individual the IT perform circumstances as to its closeness, execution, execution, and so forth. They are not by any develop of the imaginativeness centred at finding unstable variables. Incredible example, a Penetration test" does rot advertising whether in the event of ranges inconspicuous components can be secured with a bleeding edge fortification; it in a broad sense examinations whether such purposes of investment can be used (Secure State, 2015). 5. Targets For a basic "Penetration test" that suits the client's destinations, the undeniable imperativeness of is arranged is key. In case goals can't be fulfilled or can't be gotten fittingly, the power will fast the client in the orchestrating level and propose alternative arrangements, for occasion, an IT evaluation or IT affirmation inspecting with associations (D.B. Cornish, 2003). Client culminations of the line that can be fulfilled by "Penetration testing" can be differentiated into four groupings: Redesigning security of mechanical fragments Seeing inadequacies Having IT security asserted by an outside outcast Updating security of association and specialists stage The impact of a "Penetration test" will be better than an illumination of current issues; ideally it will in like way prescribe particular choices for their cleaning. Underneath the four accentuation on social activities are said, with representations. 5.1. Updating imaginative system's security A couple of "Penetration tests" are asked for with the enthusiasm delivering supporting the affirmation of mechanical frameworks. The evaluations are limited to inventive frameworks, for case, blast allocating, servers, changes, and whatnot, with association and specialists perform circumstances not being doubtlessly analysed. One delineation is a "Penetration test" to particularly check whether unlawful third activities have the bind openness frameworks inside the connection's LAN from the web. Possible discover results or results are unnecessary start firewall system structure opportunities or flimsy adjustments of on the web assignments and working framework (Emsecure, 2015). In appraisal to the going hand in hand with three destinations, unmistakable confirmation is the ensured persuasion making the examination. Case in point, before joining two local networks, an affiliation transforming into a piece of, the new LAN can be part down to see whether it is possible to experience it from outside. In case this could be possible in the transmitting individual, move must be taken to secure the client interface before the sustaining, or the two fragments won't be united at all. A "Penetration test" can other than be regulated to protected clarification from a different external surface area pariah. It is earnest that a "Penetration test" essentially ever uncovers the conditions at a particular time and can't in this way make brightening about the interval of decree that are sensible to benefits later on. Client information in a web store or other on the web framework. 5.2. Security overhaul of associations and individuals Differentiated from researching the creative perform circumstances, a "Penetration test" can in like way individual the association and accomplices association spots, to watch stunning techniques, for occurrence, with the opportunity and forcefulness of the evaluations being upgraded segregated. Open inventive progression strategies, for occurrence, asking security passwords through phone, can be associated with assess the between time of imperative security thought and the power of documentation suggestions and customer assertions (Baumrind, 1985). 6. Conclusion As the game plans used by prospective aggressors successfully become more creative and new defects in existing wanders and IT frameworks are revealed truly much robust, one individual "Penetration test" can't give a divulgence about the interval of security of the separated strategies that will be legitimate for the broad run. In unprecedented circumstances, a various security stipulation may propose that an able strike could happen not broad after a Penetration test" has been performed. Regardless, this not the scarcest bit accumulates that Penetration tests" are lacking. Sweeping "Penetration testing" is no affirmation that a fit strike won't happen, obviously it does for the most part reduce the shot of a common sense attack. As a postponed outcome of the speedy measure of changes in IT, the effect of a "Penetration test" is short-compass stayed. The more dependably Penetration testing" is with a particular completed motivation to decreasing the likelihood of an enormous ambush to a level that is suitable for the affiliation. "Penetration test" can't elective the routine framework security exams. It is not similarly a decision for a customary understanding of confirmation, and so on. An acknowledgement or inconspicuous components move down acknowledged, extraordinary representation, must be dismembered sensibly and enough in exceptional methods. A "Penetration test" components saw evaluation frameworks and studies the new dangers. The delicate individual purposes of investment obtained in the midst of "penetration testing", for instance, security passwords or individual messages should not be incorporated in an authoritative review for unobtrusive components security reasons; they should be gone to a specific individual, e.g. the purposes of investment security give. Regardless, the buyer must have the ability to screen the explorer happens unmistakably, and all purposes of investment accumulated in the diverse stages must be incorporated, at scarcest as a file to the working chronicles. This contains, fo r example, purposes of enthusiasm on the benefits used, perform exercises, log data records, perform times, et cetera. The master needs to discard any item, for instance, remote checking programming, that may have been set up in the client's IT program over the compass of the transmission examine or whatever different assortments made to the client's IT techniques, and recover the framework to the state in which the expert found it before examining. References Allsopp, W. (2009). Unauthorised Access: Physical Penetration Testing For IT Security Teams. In W. Allsopp, Planning your physical penetration test (pp. 11-28). USA: Wiley. Barrett, N. (2003). Penetration testing and social engineering hacking the weakest link. Information Security Technical Report, 56-64. Baumrind, D. (1985). Research using intentional deception. Ethical issues revisited. The American psychologist, 165-174. Clone Systems. (2015, January). Penetration Testing Service. Retrieved from clone-systems.com: https://www.clone-systems.com/penetration-testing.html B. Cornish, R. C. (2003). Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortleys critique of situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, 4196. (2015). Penetration Testing. Retrieved from emsecure.wordpress.com: https://emsecure.wordpress.com/penetration-testing/ Finn, P. (1995). Research Ethics: Cases and Materials. In P. Finn, The ethics of deception in research (pp. 87118). Indiana: Indiana University Press. Greenlees, C. (2009). An intruders tale-[it security]. Engineering Technology, 55-57. Finn, M. J. (2007). Designing ethical phishing experiments. Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE, 4658. Willison, M. S. (2009). Overcoming the insider: reducing employee computer crime through situational crime prevention. Communications of the ACM, 133-137. Random Storm. (2015). Penetration Testing Services. Retrieved from randomstorm.com: https://www.randomstorm.com/services/penetration-testing/ Turpe, J. E. (2009). Testing production systems safely: Common precautions in penetration testing. Testing: Academic and Industrial Conference (pp. 205209). USA: IEEE Computer Society. Secure State. (2015). Physical Attack Penetration. Retrieved from securestate.com: https://www.securestate.com/Services/Profiling/Pages/Physical-Attack-and-Penetration.aspx Soghoian, C. (2008). Legal risks for phishing researchers. eCrime Researchers Summit, 111.

Inspirational Topics For Personal Essay - For Your Second Try!

Inspirational Topics For Personal Essay - For Your Second Try!The first step to creating an inspiring essay is defining the goals you want to accomplish with your personal essay. What are you hoping to achieve by writing? Are you hoping to impress a tutor, gain more popularity at school, or do you simply want to have a personal essay that says something about you? The more specific your goals, the easier it will be to formulate the essay topic.An easy way to begin is by researching the term 'personal essay.' Once you've learned this term, try looking online for specific inspirational topics for personal essays that address your goal. This is another good way to develop your own ideas on topics for personal essay.If you want to write your own personal essay, what about that? Keep in mind that it's very difficult to come up with ideas that you think would be appropriate for your essay topic. Try submitting your own personal essay to your student writing forum.Many people are put off by writing for another person. However, many students like the idea of participating in the written communication process with other students. The other students can share their experiences, insights, and stories that will help you see things from a different perspective.If you are struggling with writing for a student, the most effective advice for you would be to stop trying to be someone else. You need to focus on yourself when you write. Don't expect anyone else to do it for you. For this reason, it would be beneficial to create a few thoughts on topics for personal essay and then show them to other students as you write.Your efforts will not go unnoticed by the teachers, professors, and other students at school. As long as you submit your essay and work hard to improve it, your efforts will definitely be noticed. The most important thing is to write with passion. You should not underestimate the power of language. If you allow yourself to write without proper emotion, you'll not be able to get your ideas across.I highly recommend you try using a great resource called 'Yahoo Groups.' This great place is a place where you can make friends, converse with fellow students, and even find yourself information and inspiration. You can get a lot of support from your fellow students who enjoy reading personal essays. Do your part to make writing easier for you.

Jungle Essays (1918 words) - Meat Packing Industry, The Jungle

Jungle By Upton Sinclair The novel ' The Jungle' by Upton Sinclair took place in the 1900's the main character in this book is Jurgis Rudkis and his dynamic change to Socialism. He started out as a young and strong man looking for the "american dream." He left Lithuania in hope of starting a family and a cordial Life. The beginning of this book starts at the wedding of Jurgis and Ona Lukoszaite which I believe symbolizes that they are starting a new life for themselves and it is starting out with happiness and a bond. They live in Packington their first day the get jobs quite easily still supporting the idea that things are going well. Jurgis was a hard working and good willed man in the beginning suprisingly he even liked his job at the killing beds. The conditions there were horrible, there was no concern for workers because if one would quit then the industries would go down to the docks and hire another immigrant who would work for nothing . That' s where union's came in but they were also corrupt and could be counterstriked by industries. So that's where the Socialist Party came in and what I believe the central theme is. It was a worker's political party a party that realized the only way to change things was to control the Government. I also believe this book was written for people to know about all the unjustice's that were commited at this time through the money hungry politicians and industrial giant's and how immigrants where exploited along with their families and used by the "system" of waste and replace. Since there was such a steady flow of unskilled workers coming into the country employers didn't have to worry about the needs of their workers. Jurgis and his family expierienced this world of unjustice drastically. Eventually they get a house, which causes them all to get a job to afford it, but they can still manage. Antanas who is Jurgis's father soon dies from tuberculosis. Winter comes and is hard for anyone who isn't prepared the conditions at the yards is now at it's worst so when juris is approached to join the union he doesn't hesitate and soon the whole family is in the union. In the summer Ona is pregnant and names it Antanas after Jurgis' father. Ona is forced to goto work without recovering because her income is needed. This takes a drastic toll on her health. Jurgis then sprains his ankle at work but, turns out to be a pulled tendon and keep him out of work for almost 3 months this was extremely hard on the family because he was a very critical income. During his time recovering he sees that everything is coming apart and him and his family might not make it. Ona has suffered a great deal from the weather and conditions at the plants. The following spring Jurgis is able to work again so he hunts for a job since his old one is lost because again the companies don't care about their workers and if they can't make it to work cause they are hurt then the company claims no liability and finds someone to take your job. Kristofaros one of Elzbieta's two crippled son dies of a bad sausage that he had eaten earlier in the day. Jurgis finally gets a job at a unhealthy and wretched fertilizer plant, he copes with this job by giving into drinking to help him forget about some of his problems. Winter comes again and the all must work extremely hard because of the Holidays. After a snowstorm one day Ona doesn't return home from work so in panic Jurgis goes out and looks for her but couldn't find her so he waits at her job and when she returns the day he asks where she was and she said she couldn't make it home in the weather so she stayed at a friends house and Jurgis understands and forgets about it. It happened again one day and Jurgis goes to the friends house but finds that she is not there and never was so he came home and demanded to know where she had been so she tells him Connor leader of the loading gang made her have an affair with him or all the women would lose their jobs. Enraged Jurgis finds Connor at the plant and attacks him which lead him to the police station he gets a 30

Essay on Yolo or Carpe Diem

Essay on Yolo or Carpe Diem â€Å"Yolo† is a popular acronym used these days as a take on â€Å"Carpe Diem,† or seize the day. It stands for â€Å"You Only Live Once.† It has implications of it being okay to make stupid mistakes because each and every one of us lives once, we think. Life is short, we all know that, and we – well, most of us – want to live life to the utmost fullest, in turn getting everything we can out of life. After all, it is a wonderful, beautiful gift: Life. But we didn’t ask for it. As a matter of fact, it takes some people a lifetime to figure what it means to be alive. â€Å"Yolo† may be a term used by the youngsters of today, as heard in songs by Adam Levine and Drake, but it carries meanings and implications that are universal and everlasting. The phrase is too often used by the hipsters of today in the United States to make excuses for their dumb mistakes. The phrase will never catch on and be used ubiquitously by the American people – or other nationalities, either – because it is cumbersome to say and even harder to care about and remember. To the ordinary person, it sounds like some frozen yogurt brand nobody wants to try, or some variation of the color yellow. But the acronym has good intentions. â€Å"You Only Live Once† reminds one of a hopeful youth, of seeing and wanting the best in life, of seizing the day because tomorrow is not promised – nor is even the next moment. Nonetheless, the wrong people seem to be using the term. They are the slackers who don’t take blame for their impulsive, risky decisions, and then when the problems arise from the decisions, they blame it on â€Å"You Only Live Once.† But it’s just one more way to enable these kinds of behaviors where judgment is lacked. Also, the mentality attached to this word provides people more reasons not to blame themselves for when they make a monumental mistake. They blame it on â€Å"Life† and not their own erroneous decision. What does this create? A bunch of cultures which don’t hold themselves accountable for their actions. SAMPLE ESSAY ABOUT HAPPINESS So this â€Å"Yolo† mentality is not so cut and dry. It is good and bad. It is both a hindrance and an empowering philosophy, depending on the person using it and how they use it. But it is being used nonetheless. Most people want to get all they can out of life, and so, in this case, it is quite motivating. â€Å"Yolo† can be inspirational to those trying new things – who want to take calculated risks, meet new people, take exciting trips, etc. It can mean understanding what it means to be born to die – and in between, there are opportunities to make the most out of this crazy life. In between birth and death, there is of course suffering, problems, the death of others, bad people and bad experiences – but there is also love and hope and family and beauty. Unfortunately, this â€Å"Yolo† philosophy does not seem to focus on the most optimistic aspects of life. It seems more that this philosophy only provides excuses for young rich kids to account for their immature, impulsive, selfish actions. The phrase will never be used by the masses like â€Å"Carpe Diem.† It is one more excuse for spoiled American kids to put off growing up and becoming responsible, productive adults. It is really quite a pathetic, irritating notion to people who don’t have the luxury of staying children their entire lives, putting off adulthood because it doesn’t suit them. â€Å"Yolo† is an irritating acronym, one that is not only confusing to most people but one that will just never catch on. Only the young hipsters will use it, and they are not â€Å"mainstream† anyway.

What are the Key Factors for Success (KFS) that companies in the Essay

What are the Key Factors for Success (KFS) that companies in the industry must satisfy in order to ensure survival and seek competitive advantages - Essay Example More over, it has to be accessible to the consumers. Consumers like purchasing their products from easily accessible industries where they can return them in case of malfunction. This generates confidence in the organization’s products. On the other hand, consumers have to be accessible to increase sales. Without proper access to the market, an industry may be unable to sell the anticipated amount, or may incur higher costs of distribution. The choice of the business type is of utmost importance. Investors need to identify a business and analyze the pay back period to ensure that they settle on the most applicable investment decision. It requires an analysis of the kind of consumers in the market to ascertain that the products offered by the industry match the needs of the consumers. This is significant in developing positioning strategies for the products. It is also important to ensure that products are durable, especially for a newly established business. Once investors bring their capital in to the market, they are usually faced with problems, which are common for beginners. They are initially not competitive and therefore might take long to attract customers, hence the quantity of produce needs to be controlled until the business establishes in the market. For durable products, more products may be produced to be sold in the long-run. The products should be satisfactory to the health standards. The most risky occurrence in an organization may be the revocation of an operating license. This is because it might happen when the industry is already in operation, having produced a substantial amount of commodities. This may lead to a heavy loss, hence the need to satisfy the health and safety requirements in the workplace, as well as the recommended standards in regard to quality (Hannagan, 2007 p 67). Consumers are usually sensitive to quality, especially for emerging products. The investor needs to satisfy consumer demands at

Access to Special Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Access to Special Education - Case Study Example While there are numerous approaches which have been adopted in combating HIV/AIDS, it has become essential to enhance the general knowledge of the population regarding the disease. In Zimbabwe, 15% of the population in the country have been infected by the disease (UNAIDS, 2012). This is worrying statistic which requires immediate action for the country to achieve the MDG goal number 6 of the United Nations. While the country has made significant progress and resulted in reduction of people infected with the disease, there is still a challenge in developing a long term solution. The programmes adopted within the country to fight the epidemic are commonly spearheaded by the National AIDS Council (NAC), non- governmental organisations, and Intergovernmental organisations, academic and religious organizations. These organizations have achieved a significant impact in the fight against HIV/ AIDS within the country. An education programme focusing of the young people will be implemented seeking to integrate education on HIV/AIDS within the school curriculum. Both private and public schools are believed to have the capability and significant influence on the information spread among the young generations within the population. The integration of and education programme for AIDS will be critical in ensuring the young people understand the nature of the epidemic and specific actions which they can take in prevention of the disease. Specific emphasis on prevention will be focused on the adolescents and early adulthood when the people become sexually active. The scope of the content presented within this programme will be determined locally in order to ensure consistency with the community and parental values of the society. Community participation in the projects will be critical in the programme because of some controversial issues which regard social values and norms of the people. The disease

Public Speaking Anxiety for ESL Students

Public Speaking Anxiety for ESL Students Findings The purpose of this research is to determine the primary factors of public speaking anxiety and speaking English as a second language amongst students from LG221 and LG241. Besides that, to check upon the gender differences between these students when it comes to public speaking anxiety, whether gender differences have an impact towards the level of public speaking anxiety. Last but not least to find out the relationship between students’ public speaking anxiety as well as fears for negative evaluation by their peers and educators. Upon completion of both the questionnaires, the data was tabulated and analyzed by calculating the mean values in order to obtain needed information. In addition to finding the connection between students’ public speaking anxiety together with their fears for negative evaluation, Karl Pearson’s correlation method is used. Result Figure 4.0 illustrate the demographic data of this research. Samples for this research consist of students of Bachelor of Applied Language Studies (Hons.) Malay Language for Professional Communication, also known as LG221 and LG241 of MARA University of Technology (UiTM), Shah Alam. Participants are at the ranging of 20 to 24 years old. The total numbers of participants are 50 students consisting of 27 male and 23 female. Figure 4.0 Factors of Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) To determine the underlying factors behind both male and female students public speaking anxiety, factor analysis was accomplished on the of the 34 item in the PRPSA questionnaires. All 34 items are then characterized onto six different factors that are related to making public speaking. These six factors are as followed: Positive speaking perceptions. Emotional effects of speech anxiety. Physical effects of speech anxiety. Lack of preparation. Feeling vulnerable. Perfectionist. Out of 34 items in PRPSA, 12 items are put into the first factor which was labelled positive speaking perception (Factor 1). Items loading on this factor pertained to the positive feeling a person has during the preparation and actual speech presentation. Students with this kind of attitude tend to have little or no problem when giving a speech. Besides that, six items are put into the second factor which was labelled emotional effect of speech anxiety (Factor 2). Items loading on this factor pertained to the supposed emotional consequences a person feels during the preparation of the speech, as well as when asked to give a speech. The third factor is labelled physical effects of speech anxiety (Factor 3) with six items loaded into it that pertained to the supposed physical consequences a person feels during the preparation of the speech. The fourth factor is labelled lack of preparation (Factor 4) and is loaded with three items from PRPSA. These three items pertained to the perceived consequences of insufficient speech preparation. Meanwhile, the fifth factor is labelled vulnerability (Factor 5) with four items put into it. Items loading on this factor pertained to the perceived feeling of helplessness during the preparation of the speech. Lastly, the sixth factor is labelled perfectionist (Factor 6) with three items from the PRPSA that pertained to the supposed consequences of being perfectionist. The mean value of each items scored by both male and female students as well as the total mean value were calculated to check upon the real reason to the occurrence of public speaking anxiety amongst students as well as to distinguish the differences in public speaking anxiety between the two gender as shown in Table 4.0. Table 4.0 Within these six factors of the PRPSA that has been characterized, the factor Emotional effects of speech anxiety scored the highest with a mean of 3.52. Although the result is moderate, it still shows that most students tend to have public speaking anxiety because they have a sense of nervousness together with uneasiness when giving a speech and this can negatively affect students’ speech by making them seem unsure about what they are saying. The next factor resulting in students’ public speaking anxiety is Perfectionist with a mean of 3.13. Students who are considered themselves perfectionists tend to have a tendency to set standards that are so high that they either cannot be met, or are only met with great difficulty. Perfectionists tend to believe that anything short of perfection is horrible, and that even minor imperfections will lead to catastrophe. This is followed by the third factor which is Vulnerability. Factor vulnerability scored a mean of 3.13. This factor shows that students think about an upcoming encounter negatively and may intensify feelings of anticipatory anxiety associated with the encounter. Besides that, speakers’ will also have depressive thoughts about their speech and this may contribute to public speaking anxiety before, during, and after a speech performance which lead to them believing they will not succeed when giving a speech. Factor Lack of preparation is found to be factor number four with a mean of 2.93. The level of preparation determines the level of students’ success in giving speeches. Most students hardly prepare enough for their speeches. This is often because they do not start their preparation early as to why they resort to a last minute approach, which then lead to them feeling unprepared and unready for a speech. The final factor that leads to students having public speaking anxiety is Physical effects of speech anxiety with a mean of 2.89. Speech anxiety can overwhelm the senses, the thoughts, as well as the body. Some of the common symptoms of speech anxiety include shaking, sweating, butterflies in the stomach, dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, and squeaky voice. The first factor which is Positive perceptions towards speech anxiety is not an underlying factor to students’ public speaking anxiety. This factor is actually the opposite of it. Positive perceptions towards speech anxiety factor scored a mean of 3.34. This proves that students’ public speaking anxiety is not that serious. However these students need improvement as it is hinted that students are still not that keen towards the importance of English speech proficiencies. More importantly, it is known that the students still felt uncomfortable and unsure of their own potentials and that that they are still not capable of handling themselves during speeches. Gender Differences in Public Speaking Anxiety On the other hand, to determine whether there is a difference in public speaking anxiety between male and female student, the mean value for PRPSA of each gender is distinguished. Results are as shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 The above table revealed that although both male and female students fell in the moderate level of PRPSA, female students tend to have a higher public speaking anxiety level as their mean value is bigger as compared to the male students. On Figure 4.1, it can be seen on which aspects students, whether male or female, face their difficulties when giving a speech. This figure is based on the factors that have been deducted from PRPSA. Figure 4.1 Despite the female students monopolizing all factors, there are some items from PRPSA that the male students scored higher mean values as compared to the female students. Examples of these items include; Statement 13: â€Å"I am in constant fear of forgetting what I prepared to say.† From the statement above, 28 out of 50 students agreed to it with 16 of them being male students. It can be concluded that male students experienced more anxiety compared to male respondents in terms of forgetting to say things they know even though the result is quite similar. Statement 30: â€Å"During an important speech I experience a feeling of helplessness building up inside me.† On the hand, 17 out of 50 students agreed to statement above with 10 of them being males students while the other 7 are female students. In this statement, it can be said that the male students can still be nervous and more anxious compared to the female students. For the gender differences in public speaking anxiety, it can be indicated that both male and female students are equally anxious when involve in giving speeches although the male students show less significant anxiety as compared to the female students. Correlation between Public Speaking Anxiety and Fear of Negative Feedback In order to determine the correlation between two variables and they are students’ public speaking anxiety together with their fears of negative feedback, Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient method is being used. Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) is a common measure of the correlation between two variables X and Y. When measured in a population the Pearson Product Moment correlation is designated by the Greek letter rho (Ï ). Whilst computed in a sample, it is designated by the letter r and is sometimes called Pearsons r. Pearsons correlation reflects the degree of linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from +1 to -1. A correlation of +1 means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between variables whereas a correlation of -1 means that there is a perfect negative linear relationship between variables. A correlation of 0 means there is no linear relationship between the two variables. Correlations are rarely if ever 0, 1, or -1. The result of the correlation could indicate whether correlations are negative or positive. Mathematical Formula: The quantity r, called the linear correlation coefficient, measures the strength and the direction of a linear relationship between two variables. The linear correlation coefficient is sometimes referred to as the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient in honour of its developer Karl Pearson. The mathematical formula for computing r is: n = number of pairs of scores ∑xy = sum of the product of paired scores ∑x = sum of the x scores ∑y = sum of the y scores ∑x ² = sum of squared x scores ∑y ² = sum of squared y scores The strength and significance of the coefficient. The following general categories indicate a quick way of interpreting a calculated r value: Results for the relationship between public speaking anxiety and fear of negative feedback were displayed in a graphical representation Figure 4.2. From the table 4.2, it can be seen that the result showed a weak correlation between the students’ public speaking anxiety and their fear of negative evaluation as it only scored 0.256. This proves that the relationship between two variables is weak and not very significant. Table 4.2 Figure 4.2 The mean value for fear of negative evaluation score was 51.5. This demonstrates that the average for fear of negative evaluation level is in moderate level. However, out of 50 students that answered the questionnaire, 9 students fell on the high level for fear of negative evaluation, 27 students are on the moderate level while the remaining 14 students have low level for fear of negative evaluation as illustrated in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3 The students average anxiety level also fell on the moderate level that is at mean value 106.02. From the 50 students that answered the questionnaire, none of the students fell in highly active category. Meanwhile, 94% of the students are in the moderate category while the remaining 6% are in the low category. This can be illustrated as shown in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4